The United Kingdom

Sleep-EVAL Research

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	INFORMATION
	• Sleep Epidemiology • Questioning your sleep • Public Health Issues ----------- • Research Aims • Sleep-EVAL - Expert System - Inference Engine - Knowledge Base - Fuzzy Logic
	SLEEP HABITS
	Sleep habits by countries, naps
	SLEEP DISORDERS
	• Dyssomnias - Breathing Disorders - UARS (disabled) - Sleep Apnea - Apnea/Hypertension - Daytime Sleepiness - Hypersomnia (disabled) - Insomnia - Epidemiology - Literature Review - Etiological Forms - Elderly - With Pain - Narcolepsy - Periodic Limb Movement - Restless Legs Syndrome • Parasomnias New - Bruxism - Confusional Arousals - Hypnagogic H. - Hypnopompic H. (disabled) - Nightmares - Sleep Paralysis - Sleep Terrors - Sleep Violence - Sleep Walking - Snoring
	ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
	• Physical Disorders - Morning Headaches - Hypertension - Chronic Pain • Mental Disorders - Producing Insomnia - Producing Hypersomnia - Producing Parasomnias
	TARGET POPULATIONS
	• Adolescents • Elders - Cognition and EDS* - Insomnia in Elderly • Shift Workers • Countries • Primary Care
	MENTAL DISORDERS
	• Depression - Major Depression (disabled) - Physical Signs (disabled) - With Chronic Pain - With Psychotic Features - With Sleep Apnea • Hallucinations - Historical Perspective - Prevalence, Comorbidity - Hypnagogic - Hypnopompic (disabled) • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychotropics

General Information

Official Name	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Capital	London
Area	244,103 Sq Km (94,249 Sq Mi)
Population 2003	60,094,648
Location	United Kingdom is located off the northwestern coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.

Geography	It is separated from France by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel, and from the Irish Republic by the Irish Sea and the St. Georges Channel.
Density (1993)	238 persons per sq km (612 persons per sq ml)
Urban-Rural (1985)	91.5% urban 8.5% rural
Sex Distribution (1991)	48.8% male 51.2% female
Life Expectancy at Birth (1988)	72.2 years male 77.9 years female
Age Breakdown (1991)	19% under 15 22% 15 to 29 21% 30 to 44 17% 45 to 59 14% 60 to 74 7% 75 and over
Birth Rate (1991)	13.8 per 1,000
Death Rate (1991)	11.2 per 1,000
Increase Rate (1991)	2.6 per 1,000
Infant Mortality Rate (1991)	7.4 per 1,000 live births

Sleep Habits

Sleep/wake schedule

The UK population goes to sleep around 11:15PM and wakes up around 7:00 AM.

The population sleeps on average 6 hours 50 minutes.

On week ends or days off, they sleep about 68 minutes more than on week days.

The bedtime and wake up times are varying for more than one on five individuals.

Naps

About one on seven individuals are regularly napping.

1% of the population is napping at least two times in the same day.

Insomnia

One on eight individuals has difficulty falling asleep
One on five individuals has a disrupted sleep
One on seven individuals wake up too early in the morning
One on six individuals feels sleep is not refreshing

One individual on ten complained about the quality or quantity of his or her sleep.

This does not mean that all these individuals are insomniacs: only one on 16 individuals has a diagnosis of insomnia.

References

1. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002 Jun 25;58(12):1826-1833.

2. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG, Guilleminault C. DSM-IV and ICSD-90 insomnia symptoms and sleep dissatisfaction. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;171:382-388.

3. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, Guilleminault C. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? Br J Psychiatry 1996;169: 459-67.

4. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG, Caulet M. Snoring and breathing pauses during sleep: telephone interview survey of a United Kingdom population sample. Br Med J 1997; 314:860-3.

5. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG. Violent behaviour during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:369-76.

6. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG, Guilleminault C. Psychotropic medication consumption patterns in the UK general population. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 273-83.

7. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Philip P, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. How sleep and mental disorders are related to complaints of daytime sleepiness. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2645-52.

8. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:268-76; quiz 277.

9. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Guilleminault C, Caulet M. The prevalence of depressive disorders in the United Kingdom. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:300-7.

10. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: General population findings (13057 subjects). J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188:340-348.

11. Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S, Priest RG. How age and daytime activities are related to insomnia in the general population? Consequences for elderly people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2001; 49:360-366.

12. Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest 2001;119(1):53-61.

13. Ohayon MM. Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Res. 2000;97(2-3):153-164.

14. Ohayon MM, Roberts RE, Zulley J, Smirne S, Priest RG. Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39:1549-1556.

15. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG, Zulley J. Smirne, S: Is sleep-disordered breathing an independent risk factor for hypertension in the general population (13,057 subjects)? J Psychosom Res; 2000; 48:593-601.

16. Ohayon MM, Roth T. What are the Contributing factors for Insomnia in the General Population? J Psychosom Res 2001;51:745-55

17. Ohayon MM, Roberts RE. Comparability of sleep disorder diagnoses using DSM-IV and ICSD classifications with adolescents. Sleep 2001; 24:920-925.

18. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002; 58(12):1826-33.

19. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Prevalence of depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general population. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;159(11):1855-61.

20. Ohayon MM, Lader M. Use of psychotropic medication in the general population of France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63:817-825

21. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53:547-554.

22. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2003;37(1):9-15.

23. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(1):39-47.

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