Germany

Sleep-EVAL Research

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	INFORMATION
	• Sleep Epidemiology • Questioning your sleep • Public Health Issues ----------- • Research Aims • Sleep-EVAL - Expert System - Inference Engine - Knowledge Base - Fuzzy Logic
	SLEEP HABITS
	Sleep habits by countries, naps
	SLEEP DISORDERS
	• Dyssomnias - Breathing Disorders - UARS (disabled) - Sleep Apnea - Apnea/Hypertension - Daytime Sleepiness - Hypersomnia (disabled) - Insomnia - Epidemiology - Literature Review - Etiological Forms - Elderly - With Pain - Narcolepsy - Periodic Limb Movement - Restless Legs Syndrome • Parasomnias New - Bruxism - Confusional Arousals - Hypnagogic H. - Hypnopompic H. (disabled) - Nightmares - Sleep Paralysis - Sleep Terrors - Sleep Violence - Sleep Walking - Snoring
	ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
	• Physical Disorders - Morning Headaches - Hypertension - Chronic Pain • Mental Disorders - Producing Insomnia - Producing Hypersomnia - Producing Parasomnias
	TARGET POPULATIONS
	• Adolescents • Elders - Cognition and EDS* - Insomnia in Elderly • Shift Workers • Countries • Primary Care
	MENTAL DISORDERS
	• Depression - Major Depression (disabled) - Physical Signs (disabled) - With Chronic Pain - With Psychotic Features - With Sleep Apnea • Hallucinations - Historical Perspective - Prevalence, Comorbidity - Hypnagogic - Hypnopompic (disabled) • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Psychotropics

General Information

Official Name	Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
Capital	Berlin
Area	357,020 Sq Km (137,846 Sq Mi)
Population 2003	82,398,326
Location	North Central Europe, on the Great North European Plain.

Geography	Bound by Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, the Baltic Sea to the northeast, Denmark to the north, the North Sea to the northwest, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France to the west, Switzerland to the south and Austria to the south and southeast.
Density (1991)	222 persons per sq km (574 persons per sq mi)
Urban-Rural (1990)	85.3% urban 14.7% rural
Sex Distribution (1989)	48.1% male 51.9% female

Life Expectancy at Birth (1988)	70.9 years male 77.2 years female
Age Breakdown (1992)	15% under 15 21% 15 to 29 22% 30 to 44 20% 45 to 59 15% 60 to 74 7% 75 and over
Birth Rate (1991)	10.4 per 1,000
Death Rate (1991)	11.4 per 1,000
Increase Rate (1991)	-1.0 per 1,000
Infant Mortality Rate (1992)	6.8 per 1,000 live births

Sleep Habits

Sleep/wake schedule

The German population goes to sleep around 10:50PM and wakes up around 6:20 AM.

They sleep on average 7 hours 8 minutes.

On week ends or days off, they sleep about 85 minutes more than on week days.

The bedtime is varying for more than one on three individuals while the wake up time is varying for one on six individuals

Naps

About one on five individuals are regularly napping.

Nearly 4% of the population is napping at least two times in the same day.

Insomnia

One on six individuals has difficulty falling asleep
One on four individuals has a disrupted sleep
One on seven individuals wake up too early in the morning
One on seven individuals feels sleep is not refreshing

One individual on ten complained about the quality or quantity of his or her sleep.

This does not mean that all these individuals are insomniacs: only one on 16 individuals has a diagnosis of insomnia.

References

1. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology a

nd diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002 Jun 25;58(12):1826-1833.

2. Ohayon MM, Zulley J. Correlates of global sleep dissatisfaction in the German population Sleep 2001; 24:780-787.

3. Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S. Prevalence and pathological associations of sleep paralysis

in the general population. Neurology 1999;52:1194-200.

4. Ohayon MM, Zulley J. Prevalence of Naps in the general population. Sleep & Hypnosis 1999; 1:88-97.

5. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders:

General population findings (13057 subjects). J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188:340-348.

6. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG, Zulley J. Smirne, S: Is sleep-disordered breathing an independent

risk factor for hypertension in the general population (13,057 subjects)? J Psychosom Res; 2000; 48:593-601.

7. Ohayon MM, Roberts RE, Zulley J, Smirne S, Priest RG. Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents.

J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39:1549-1556.

8. Ohayon MM, Roth T. What are the Contributing factors for Insomnia in the General Population? J Psychosom Res 2001;51:745-55

9. Ohayon MM, Roberts RE. Comparability of sleep disorder diagnoses using DSM-IV and ICSD classifications with adolescents.

Sleep 2001; 24:920-925.

10. Ohayon MM, Zulley J. Correlates of global sleep dissatisfaction in the German population Sleep 2001; 24:780-787.

11. Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S, Priest RG. How age and daytime activities are related to insomnia

in the general population? Consequences for elderly people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2001; 49:360-366.

12. Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest 2001;119(1):53-61.

13. Ohayon MM. Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Res. 2000;97(2-3):153-164.

14. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Prevalence of depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general population.

Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;159(11):1855-61.

15. Ohayon MM, Lader M. Use of psychotropic medication in the general population of France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63:817-825

16. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population.

J Psychosom Res 2002; 53:547-554.

17. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders.

J Psychiatr Res. 2003;37(1):9-15.

18. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population.

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(1):39-47.

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